A loan is a type of debt. Like all debt instruments, a loan entails the redistribution of financial assets over time, between the lender and the borrower.
In a loan, the borrower initially receives or borrows an amount of money, called the principal, from the lender, and is obligated to pay back or repay an equal amount of money to the lender at a later time. Typically, the money is paid back in regular installments, or partial repayments; in an annuity, each installment is the same amount. The loan is generally provided at a cost, referred to as interest on the debt, which provides an incentive for the lender to engage in the loan. In a legal loan, each of these obligations and restrictions is enforced by contract, which can also place the borrower under additional restrictions known as loan covenants. Although this article focuses on monetary loans, in practice any material object might be lent.
Acting as a provider of loans is one of the principal tasks for financial institutions. For other institutions, issuing of debt contracts such as bonds is a typical source of funding.
Types of loans
1. Secured
A secured loan is a loan in which the borrower pledges some asset (e.g. a car or property) as collateral for the loan.
A subsidized loan is a loan that will not gain interest before you begin to pay it. It is known to be used at multiple colleges.
A unsubsidized loan is a loan that gains interest the day of disbursement.
2. Unsecured
Unsecured loans are monetary loans that are not secured against the borrower's assets. These may be available from financial institutions under many different guises or marketing packages:
credit card debt
personal loans
bank overdrafts
credit facilities or lines of credit
corporate bonds (may be secured or unsecured)
The interest rates applicable to these different forms may vary depending on the lender and the borrower. These may or may not be regulated by law. In the United Kingdom, when applied to individuals, these may come under the Consumer Credit Act 1974
3. Demand
Demand loans are short term loans that are atypical in that they do not have fixed dates for repayment and carry a floating interest rate which varies according to the prime rate. They can be "called" for repayment by the lending institution at any time. Demand loans may be unsecured or secured.
Loan payment
The most typical loan payment type is the fully amortizing payment in which each monthly rate has the same value overtime.
The fixed monthly payment P for a loan of L for n months and a monthly interest rate c is:
2010年8月29日星期日
《凤凰网》--超级网银不下班 资金流转全天候
央行牵头搭建的第二代网上支付跨行清算系统——也就是媒体口中的“超级网银”近期将上线试运行一个月。银行客户只需开通任意一家接入了超级网银的银行网银，在与银行签订了信息授权协议之后，就可以实现跨行账户查询和网银实时跨行转账等功能。
超级网银实现业务突破
“目前银行网银已经为接入第二代支付清算系统做好准备，各项功能已经做好开通准备，但是在上线时到底会先开哪些功能还不确定。”某大型商业银行电子银行部负责人告诉记者。
此前《羊城晚报》曾报道称：“超级网银在前期推广阶段很可能免费。”而另有消息称，超级网银的计费原则是“谁发起谁付费”，不会直接面向网银客户收费，而是向接入超级网银的金融机构和第三方支付平台收费。不过上述银行人士表示，目前关于收费问题，银行仍在报银监会审批。
中央财经大学银行业研究中心主任郭田勇接受本报记者采访时表示，超级网银将给银行的客户带来更多的便捷，银行的运营成本也将有所降低。“不过由于今后银行客户只需要一家网银，就可以方便地管理所有银行的账户，各家商业银行的竞争可能会更加激烈。竞争激烈对提升银行的服务质量未尝不是一件好事。”
某外资行交易产品研发部负责人告诉记者，外资银行也有着接入超级网银的时间表。
“超级网银的功能实现了几大突破，一是真正实现了24小时资金流转；二是央行在牵头搭建超级网银时，下了大工夫整合各家银行的资源；三是除了金融机构之外，超级网银已经为第三方支付公司等其他类金融企业预留了接口。”上述外资行人士表示。
在网银和ATM机尚未普及之前，人们还习惯于把现金从一家银行网点提取出来，再用特意找好的旧报纸仔细包好，小心谨慎地拿到另外一家网点办理业务。1999年9月，招商银行[13.76 1.25%]推出全国首个网银以来，网银已经逐渐改变了人们的金融生活，人们已经习惯于用网银来跨行转账、支付，或者通过支付宝、快钱等第三方支付来购物、缴费、还信用卡账单等。
不过，不同的银行账户需要开通不同银行的网银，就得拥有不同银行的U盾、电子口令卡，常常令网银客户觉得麻烦不已，而且容易出现安全问题。而超级网银的上线，可以为用户省却这些麻烦，同时提供更多的便捷。
连接第三方支付平台
央行牵头的超级网银将着手第三方支付行业，着实让国内的第三方支付公司冒了一身冷汗，不过后来证明是虚惊一场。
第三方支付的龙头支付宝，除了提供交易担保之外，近几年来还大力推动代收费业务，如缴纳手机费、水电煤气费、交房租、信用卡还款等业务，而且不收取任何费用。
如今超级网银的推出，也将能实现同样的功能，从资金安全来考虑，用户有可能更加偏向于银行。
不过，央行的超级网银，已经为第三方支付预留了接口。央行曾表示，央行将为商业银行和非金融电子支付业务的发展提供更为强大的支持和更便利的平台。
独立的第三方网上支付公司快钱CEO关国光公开表示，超级网银不会对第三方支付平台构成明显的威胁。郭田勇也表示，超级网银并不会对支付宝等第三方支付公司造成太大的影响，央行出台超级网银主要是为了提升商业银行的系统效率，消除各商业银行网银内耗的问题。
美国早在30多年前就有了“超级网银”——ACH自动交换中心，90%的美国银行是自动交换中心的成员。但全球在线支付大佬PayPal却发展得十分迅速，预计2010年公司的收入将超过32亿美元。PayPal只需要接入ACH，就可以全网联通提供网上支付，而不需要像支付宝那样逐一接入各家银行的网银。
超级网银ABC
A 7×24小时资金流转
银行网点会下班，其实银行网银也会“下班”，在银行下班时间，虽然网银用户仍然可以登录银行网银，不过要自行办理跨行转账、缴纳费用等业务时，仍然需要等到银行的上班时间资金才能流转。
“超级网银上线后，在这方面将实现一个质的变化，”某外资行人士介绍道，“超级网银将真正实现资金7×24小时随时随地流转，哪怕是周末，只要这家商业银行接入了超级网银系统，资金就可以实现实时划拨。”
B 跨行转账实时到账
超级网页具有统一身份验证、跨行账户管理、跨行资金汇划、跨行资金归集、第三方支付、第三方预授权、统一直联平台、统一财务管理流程、统一数据格式等服务。目前跨行转账实时到账是超级网银的“重头戏”。
在超级网银开通之前，用网银进行同一银行内转账，资金是可以实时到账的，而如果是跨行转账，则很难实现资金实时到账。如东亚银行[29.80 0.27%]网银转账时，就提供两种选择，一种是普通，一种是加急，加急转账银行会立即处理，而普通转账提交后需要等待，银行会将转账资金打包后一起处理。
超级网银的开通则可以真正实现网银跨行转账的实时到账，由于客户的所有银行账户信息都能实现共享，银行归集资金就变得更加方便快捷了。
C 跨行管理账户
“一站式”管理所有银行账户是超级网银的另一大特色。今后，用户可以在中国银行[3.41 0.89%]的网银上，就能方便快捷地查询到招商银行的账户情况，这令银行客户摆脱了不同银行账户需要开通不同银行网银的烦恼。
客户不仅可以在任意一家网银查询自己在不同银行的定期、活期存款，还可以进行投资理财的操作，如对不同银行账户内基金、外汇、理财产品进行查询和操作，实现资金在多个银行系统间的自由流转
超级网银实现业务突破
“目前银行网银已经为接入第二代支付清算系统做好准备，各项功能已经做好开通准备，但是在上线时到底会先开哪些功能还不确定。”某大型商业银行电子银行部负责人告诉记者。
此前《羊城晚报》曾报道称：“超级网银在前期推广阶段很可能免费。”而另有消息称，超级网银的计费原则是“谁发起谁付费”，不会直接面向网银客户收费，而是向接入超级网银的金融机构和第三方支付平台收费。不过上述银行人士表示，目前关于收费问题，银行仍在报银监会审批。
中央财经大学银行业研究中心主任郭田勇接受本报记者采访时表示，超级网银将给银行的客户带来更多的便捷，银行的运营成本也将有所降低。“不过由于今后银行客户只需要一家网银，就可以方便地管理所有银行的账户，各家商业银行的竞争可能会更加激烈。竞争激烈对提升银行的服务质量未尝不是一件好事。”
某外资行交易产品研发部负责人告诉记者，外资银行也有着接入超级网银的时间表。
“超级网银的功能实现了几大突破，一是真正实现了24小时资金流转；二是央行在牵头搭建超级网银时，下了大工夫整合各家银行的资源；三是除了金融机构之外，超级网银已经为第三方支付公司等其他类金融企业预留了接口。”上述外资行人士表示。
在网银和ATM机尚未普及之前，人们还习惯于把现金从一家银行网点提取出来，再用特意找好的旧报纸仔细包好，小心谨慎地拿到另外一家网点办理业务。1999年9月，招商银行[13.76 1.25%]推出全国首个网银以来，网银已经逐渐改变了人们的金融生活，人们已经习惯于用网银来跨行转账、支付，或者通过支付宝、快钱等第三方支付来购物、缴费、还信用卡账单等。
不过，不同的银行账户需要开通不同银行的网银，就得拥有不同银行的U盾、电子口令卡，常常令网银客户觉得麻烦不已，而且容易出现安全问题。而超级网银的上线，可以为用户省却这些麻烦，同时提供更多的便捷。
连接第三方支付平台
央行牵头的超级网银将着手第三方支付行业，着实让国内的第三方支付公司冒了一身冷汗，不过后来证明是虚惊一场。
第三方支付的龙头支付宝，除了提供交易担保之外，近几年来还大力推动代收费业务，如缴纳手机费、水电煤气费、交房租、信用卡还款等业务，而且不收取任何费用。
如今超级网银的推出，也将能实现同样的功能，从资金安全来考虑，用户有可能更加偏向于银行。
不过，央行的超级网银，已经为第三方支付预留了接口。央行曾表示，央行将为商业银行和非金融电子支付业务的发展提供更为强大的支持和更便利的平台。
独立的第三方网上支付公司快钱CEO关国光公开表示，超级网银不会对第三方支付平台构成明显的威胁。郭田勇也表示，超级网银并不会对支付宝等第三方支付公司造成太大的影响，央行出台超级网银主要是为了提升商业银行的系统效率，消除各商业银行网银内耗的问题。
美国早在30多年前就有了“超级网银”——ACH自动交换中心，90%的美国银行是自动交换中心的成员。但全球在线支付大佬PayPal却发展得十分迅速，预计2010年公司的收入将超过32亿美元。PayPal只需要接入ACH，就可以全网联通提供网上支付，而不需要像支付宝那样逐一接入各家银行的网银。
超级网银ABC
A 7×24小时资金流转
银行网点会下班，其实银行网银也会“下班”，在银行下班时间，虽然网银用户仍然可以登录银行网银，不过要自行办理跨行转账、缴纳费用等业务时，仍然需要等到银行的上班时间资金才能流转。
“超级网银上线后，在这方面将实现一个质的变化，”某外资行人士介绍道，“超级网银将真正实现资金7×24小时随时随地流转，哪怕是周末，只要这家商业银行接入了超级网银系统，资金就可以实现实时划拨。”
B 跨行转账实时到账
超级网页具有统一身份验证、跨行账户管理、跨行资金汇划、跨行资金归集、第三方支付、第三方预授权、统一直联平台、统一财务管理流程、统一数据格式等服务。目前跨行转账实时到账是超级网银的“重头戏”。
在超级网银开通之前，用网银进行同一银行内转账，资金是可以实时到账的，而如果是跨行转账，则很难实现资金实时到账。如东亚银行[29.80 0.27%]网银转账时，就提供两种选择，一种是普通，一种是加急，加急转账银行会立即处理，而普通转账提交后需要等待，银行会将转账资金打包后一起处理。
超级网银的开通则可以真正实现网银跨行转账的实时到账，由于客户的所有银行账户信息都能实现共享，银行归集资金就变得更加方便快捷了。
C 跨行管理账户
“一站式”管理所有银行账户是超级网银的另一大特色。今后，用户可以在中国银行[3.41 0.89%]的网银上，就能方便快捷地查询到招商银行的账户情况，这令银行客户摆脱了不同银行账户需要开通不同银行网银的烦恼。
客户不仅可以在任意一家网银查询自己在不同银行的定期、活期存款，还可以进行投资理财的操作，如对不同银行账户内基金、外汇、理财产品进行查询和操作，实现资金在多个银行系统间的自由流转
Wise choice about infurance
We hear about insurance everyday in our life and it is related to our life closely. There are different types of insurances: Auto insurance, Home insurance, health insurance, Accident,Sickness and unemployment insurance, Casualty insurance, Life, property, liability and credit insurances, and etc.
1. What is insurance?
Insurance is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent, uncertain loss in Law and Economics.
Not everyone will meet these accident and evergyone has the probility to get involved. That is where insurance comes. It gathers groups of people with a small amount of money and will spend it on those who meet the accident. So when people meet the difficulty,they could have elimination of the loss.
2. Who will need insurance?
Good question. As everyone could have the probility to meed those unexpected difficulty or incident, everyone will need certain types of insurance to ensure that when something happens, they could reduce their loss.
3. What type of insurances do I need?
As mentioned above, there are different kinds of insurances, and there are for different groups of peoples.
Auto insurance is for Vehicles and it provides property, liability and medical coverage:
1).Property coverage pays for damage to or theft of the car.
2).Liability coverage pays for the legal responsibility to others for bodily injury or property damage.
3).Medical coverage pays for the cost of treating injuries, rehabilitation and sometimes lost wages and funeral expenses.
Home insurance provides compensation for damage or destruction of a home from disasters. In some geographical areas, the standard insurances exclude certain types of disasters, such as flood and earthquakes, that require additional coverage.
Health insurance, like other forms of insurance, is a form of collectivism by means of which people collectively pool their risk, in this case the risk of incurring medical expenses.
Accident, Sickness and Unemployment Insurance
Disability insurance policies provide financial support in the event the policyholder is unable to work because of disabling illness or injury.
Workers' compensation insurance replaces all or part of a worker's wages lost and accompanying medical expenses incurred because of a job-related injury.
Casualty insurance insures against accidents, not necessarily tied to any specific property.
Life insurance provides a monetary benefit to a decedent's family or other designated beneficiary, and may specifically provide for income to an insured person's family, burial, funeral and other final expenses. Life insurance policies often allow the option of having the proceeds paid to the beneficiary either in a lump sum cash payment or an annuity.
Property insurance provides protection against risks to property, such as fire, theft or weather damage. This includes specialized forms of insurance such as fire insurance, flood insurance, earthquake insurance, home insurance, inland marine insurance or boiler insurance.
Liability insurance is a very broad superset that covers legal claims against the insured. Many types of insurance include an aspect of liability coverage.
Credit insurance repays some or all of a loan when certain things happen to the borrower such as unemployment, disability, or death.
4. How to get insurance?
Different insurance companies offer different insurances and they will have a detailed procedure about how to sign an insurance. The important things in to identify your risks in your life and choose the best insurance that suitable for you!
1. What is insurance?
Insurance is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent, uncertain loss in Law and Economics.
Not everyone will meet these accident and evergyone has the probility to get involved. That is where insurance comes. It gathers groups of people with a small amount of money and will spend it on those who meet the accident. So when people meet the difficulty,they could have elimination of the loss.
2. Who will need insurance?
Good question. As everyone could have the probility to meed those unexpected difficulty or incident, everyone will need certain types of insurance to ensure that when something happens, they could reduce their loss.
3. What type of insurances do I need?
As mentioned above, there are different kinds of insurances, and there are for different groups of peoples.
Auto insurance is for Vehicles and it provides property, liability and medical coverage:
1).Property coverage pays for damage to or theft of the car.
2).Liability coverage pays for the legal responsibility to others for bodily injury or property damage.
3).Medical coverage pays for the cost of treating injuries, rehabilitation and sometimes lost wages and funeral expenses.
Home insurance provides compensation for damage or destruction of a home from disasters. In some geographical areas, the standard insurances exclude certain types of disasters, such as flood and earthquakes, that require additional coverage.
Health insurance, like other forms of insurance, is a form of collectivism by means of which people collectively pool their risk, in this case the risk of incurring medical expenses.
Accident, Sickness and Unemployment Insurance
Disability insurance policies provide financial support in the event the policyholder is unable to work because of disabling illness or injury.
Workers' compensation insurance replaces all or part of a worker's wages lost and accompanying medical expenses incurred because of a job-related injury.
Casualty insurance insures against accidents, not necessarily tied to any specific property.
Life insurance provides a monetary benefit to a decedent's family or other designated beneficiary, and may specifically provide for income to an insured person's family, burial, funeral and other final expenses. Life insurance policies often allow the option of having the proceeds paid to the beneficiary either in a lump sum cash payment or an annuity.
Property insurance provides protection against risks to property, such as fire, theft or weather damage. This includes specialized forms of insurance such as fire insurance, flood insurance, earthquake insurance, home insurance, inland marine insurance or boiler insurance.
Liability insurance is a very broad superset that covers legal claims against the insured. Many types of insurance include an aspect of liability coverage.
Credit insurance repays some or all of a loan when certain things happen to the borrower such as unemployment, disability, or death.
4. How to get insurance?
Different insurance companies offer different insurances and they will have a detailed procedure about how to sign an insurance. The important things in to identify your risks in your life and choose the best insurance that suitable for you!
2010年8月21日星期六
新加坡M1网上充值一览表
简介： 在网上用信用卡充值会有额外的奖励赠送，你通过用我的信用卡充值，你会得到额外的奖励，而我则可以赚取一点差价，权当作手续费。
优惠：因为业务刚刚开始起步，为了赢得信誉，特推出优惠活动，您所需要支付的金额比充值金额还要低。当然我是在损失金钱赢取信誉，希望大家支持。优惠活动截止日期另行通知。
M1网上充值一栏表：
充值流程：
1.添加我的QQ：1191439528或者发送邮件至topupsg@gmail.com，注明(1)“M1充值”+(2)你所要充值的金额+(3)你的手机号。
2.我用手机发送转账账户给你，现只接受DBS/POSB跟UOB转账，你把应付金额通过ATM转入我给你的账户，然后发短信通知我你的银行账户和充值金额。
3. 确认收到你的转账后我通过网络用信用卡给你的手机充值。
4.回复我的短信确认你已收到充值。
充值时间：每天早上11点到晚上10点半。周六周日银行转账可能会有延迟，请尽量避开周末。
优惠：因为业务刚刚开始起步，为了赢得信誉，特推出优惠活动，您所需要支付的金额比充值金额还要低。当然我是在损失金钱赢取信誉，希望大家支持。优惠活动截止日期另行通知。
M1网上充值一栏表：
| 充值金额 | 奖励 | 到卡金额 | 您的价格 | 优惠价 |
| $10 | $0.50 | $10.5 | $10.20 | $9 |
| $18 | $2 | $20 | $18.5 | $15 |
| $28 | $5 | $33 | $29 | $25 |
| $30 | $5 | $30(国际)+$100(本地)+$5(国际+本地) | $31 | $25 |
| $48 | $12 | $60 | $52 | $45 |
| $88 | $22 | $110 | $95 | $85 |
| $128 | $32 | $160 | $140 | $125 |
| $188 | $47 | $235 | $200 | $185 |
充值流程：
1.添加我的QQ：1191439528或者发送邮件至topupsg@gmail.com，注明(1)“M1充值”+(2)你所要充值的金额+(3)你的手机号。
2.我用手机发送转账账户给你，现只接受DBS/POSB跟UOB转账，你把应付金额通过ATM转入我给你的账户，然后发短信通知我你的银行账户和充值金额。
3. 确认收到你的转账后我通过网络用信用卡给你的手机充值。
4.回复我的短信确认你已收到充值。
充值时间：每天早上11点到晚上10点半。周六周日银行转账可能会有延迟，请尽量避开周末。
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